Frank-Walter Steinmeier (born January 5, 1956, Detmold, West Germany) is a German Social Democratic Party (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands; SPD) politician who in the early 21st century served as vice-chancellor (2007–09) and foreign minister (2005–09; 2013–17) of Germany in grand coalition governments led by Angela Merkel of the conservative Christian Democratic Union (Christlich-Demokratische Union; CDU). In 2017 he was elected president of Germany.
Steinmeier was the son of a carpenter and a factory worker. As a student, he attended meetings of the Young Socialists, the SPD’s youth wing, regularly, and, after finishing high school in Blomberg in 1974, he joined the SPD. In 1980 he received a law and politics degree from the University of Giessen, where he joined the faculty in 1986 while working on his doctoral dissertation (1991) on state intervention and homelessness. He left academia shortly thereafter and turned to politics.
He took a position in the media law and policy division of the state chancellery of Lower Saxony, where he quickly progressed to head the office of then-premier Gerhard Schröder in 1993. When Schröder became federal chancellor in 1998, Steinmeier followed him, taking a job in the chancellery and becoming commissioner for the federal intelligence service. After the head of the chancellery withdrew, Steinmeier took over the position. He became one of Schröder’s most trusted advisers, the author of a white paper on retirement reform and tax reform, and a decisive voice in a series of economic reforms known as Agenda 2010.
Following the 2005 elections, the CDU, which had captured (with its Bavarian sister party, the Christian Social Union [CSU]) the most seats, was unable to form a majority with its preferred coalition partner, the Free Democratic Party (FDP). Instead, the CDU leader, Angela Merkel, who would become chancellor, turned to the SPD to form a grand coalition; she unexpectedly turned to Steinmeier—the confidant of Schröder, her predecessor and political rival—to head the Foreign Office. Although the choice seemed unorthodox, in political and diplomatic circles Steinmeier’s appointment was greeted with approval, and in 2007 he added the role of vice-chancellor to his responsibilities. That same year he also served as the president of the European Council.
On September 7, 2008, Steinmeier was announced as the official candidate of the SPD for the chancellorship in the 2009 parliamentary elections. The SPD had been in ideological uncertainty for almost a decade, and the new Left Party (Die Linkspartei) had preyed on those voters who felt that the SPD had moved too far from its centre-left roots. The biting criticism that the SPD had become virtually indistinguishable from the centre-right CDU was not helped by SPD’s participation in the grand coalition under Merkel. Although many people considered Steinmeier the proper choice to give the SPD a new direction and regain voter confidence, to others the former civil servant who had never held elective office seemed an unlikely pick.
Despite his overall popularity, Steinmeier had not escaped criticism. He was accused of human rights violations regarding German alleged terrorists who were apprehended by U.S. authorities and transported to Guantánamo Bay in Cuba. That cost him approval from the general public and led some people to question whether he was enough of a Social Democrat to redefine the SPD.
In 2009 the CDU-CSU and the FDP won enough parliamentary seats to form a governing coalition without the SPD. Steinmeier then was selected as parliamentary head of the SPD in its new role as an opposition party. In August 2010 he stepped aside as parliamentary leader of the SPD to donate a kidney to his ailing wife; the transplant was a success, and Steinmeier returned to politics later that year. The CDU-CSU fell just short of winning an absolute majority in the 2013 federal election, but the FDP failed to clear the five percent threshold needed to secure representation in parliament. Months of negotiation yielded another grand coalition government under Merkel, and Steinmeier was once again made foreign minister. Joachim Gauck, who had served as German president since 2012, announced in June 2016 that he would not pursue a second term, and Steinmeier quickly emerged as a favourite to succeed him. At a special assembly of parliamentarians and representatives from Germany’s federal states held in February 2017, Steinmeier was elected by an overwhelming majority, and he took office as president the following month.
Germany is a federal multiparty republic with two legislative houses. Its government is headed by the chancellor (prime minister), who is elected by a majority vote of the Bundestag (Federal Assembly) upon nomination by the president (head of state).
The table provides a chronological list of the leaders of Germany from 1871.
